從受人欺壓到欺壓他人的拉赫曼

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Peter Rachman是波蘭裔猶太人，1939年德國入侵波蘭，隨后蘇聯(lián)參與瓜分波蘭。他參加了當(dāng)?shù)氐牡挚菇M織，先后被德國、蘇聯(lián)囚禁。德國閃擊蘇聯(lián)后，Rachman同獄友一道逃脫，在中東和意大利與盟軍協(xié)同作戰(zhàn)。二戰(zhàn)后，他移民英國，50年代在倫敦西區(qū)（如諾丁山）購置大量廉價(jià)房產(chǎn)。他利用當(dāng)時(shí)租房法律漏洞（如租金管制），通過暴力威脅、斷水?dāng)嚯姟⒖v容妓女和癮君子騷擾租戶等手段，逼迫原有低收入租戶搬離。之后，他再將房產(chǎn)拆成小間，然后租給更多租戶（以加勒比海移民居多，West Indie）。他打著幫助新移民的幌子招搖過市，曝得大名，結(jié)果是敲了這些新移民的竹杠，牟取暴利。（Rachman moved the protected tenants into a smaller concentration of properties or bought them out to minimise the number of tenancies with statutory rent controls. Houses were also subdivided into a number of flats to increase the number of tenancies without rent controls. Rachman filled the properties with recent migrants from the West Indies. Rachman's initial reputation, which he sought to promote in the media, was as someone who could help to find and provide accommodation for immigrants, but he was massively overcharging these West Indian tenants, as they did not have the same protection under the law as had the previous tenants）

他的行為沒有逃過當(dāng)?shù)鼐降难劬Γ瑥?959年開始，英國當(dāng)局就開始對(duì)其進(jìn)行調(diào)查，發(fā)現(xiàn)他的龐大帝國涉足了包括開設(shè)妓院等多個(gè)非法領(lǐng)域，他隨即被起訴。（A special police unit was set up to investigate Rachman in 1959 and uncovered a complex network of 33 companies he had set up to control his property empire. They also discovered Rachman was involved in prostitution, and he was prosecuted twice for brothel-keeping.）

1963年《衛(wèi)報(bào)》記者揭露其商業(yè)帝國，稱Rachman這樣盤剝租客的模式為“Rachmanism”，該詞迅速成為剝削性房東行為的代名詞。工黨以此案例推動(dòng)住房改革，抨擊保守黨住房政策失敗。次年，英國通過《租金法》，旨在對(duì)租客利益進(jìn)行保護(hù)。（As full details of his criminal activities were revealed, there was a call for new legislation to prevent such practices. The Rent Act 1965 gave security of tenure to tenants in privately rented properties.）

Rachman一生沉溺于女色，他先后兩次心梗，1962年，43歲的他在倫敦一命嗚呼，沒有來得及看到自己的大名登堂入室進(jìn)入英語字典的那天。

Rachmanism這個(gè)詞，你學(xué)會(huì)了嗎？特別注意不要把這個(gè)詞與Ranchman（農(nóng)場(chǎng)經(jīng)營者、農(nóng)場(chǎng)工人）搞混。

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